C

C/C++: A small tip for freeing dynamic memory

 in C / C++  tagged free by

Taking into account the behavior of the free() function, it is a good practice to set your pointer to NULL right after you free it.

By doing so, you can rest assured that in case you accidentally call free() more than one times on the same variable (with no reallocation or reassignment in between), then no bad side-effects will happen (besides any logical issues that your code might be dealing with).

You can include free() from malloc.h and it will have the following signature extern void free(void *__ptr);.

Description of operation:

Free a block allocated by malloc, realloc or calloc.
The free() function frees the memory space pointed to by ptr, which must have been returned by a previous call to malloc(), calloc(), or realloc().  Otherwise, if free(ptr) has  already been called before, undefined behavior occurs.  If ptr is NULL, no operation is performed.

Working examples:


#include <stdio.h>
#include <malloc.h>

int main()
{
  printf("Hello, World!\n");

  void * c = malloc (sizeof(char) * 10);

  free(c);
  c = NULL;
  free(c);

  return 0;
}



#include <iostream>

int main()
{
  std::cout << "Hello, World!" << std::endl;

  void * c = malloc (sizeof(char) * 10);

  free(c);
  c = NULL;
  free(c);

  return 0;
}

C: Code to time execution with accuracy greater than a second

 in C  tagged C++ / clock / rand / srand / time by

The following application computes the time needed for a process to finish using the method clock().
The result of the application is the time in seconds as a floating number (where 1.0 = 1 second).
It provides greater accuracy than seconds as the estimation is done using processor time used by the program.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <limits.h>

int main()
{

    /* clock_t clock(void)
     The clock() function returns an approximation of processor time used by the program.
     The value returned is the CPU time used so far as a clock_t,
     to get the number of seconds used, divide by CLOCKS_PER_SEC.
     On error it returns -1. */
    const clock_t start = clock();

    /* svoid srand(unsigned int __seed)
     The srand() function sets its argument as the seed for a new sequence of pseudo-random
     integers to be returned by rand(). These sequences are repeatable by calling srand() with the
     same seed value.
     If no seed value is provided, the rand() function is automatically seeded with a value of 1. */
    /* time_t time(time_t *__timer)
     time() returns the time since the Epoch (00:00:00 UTC, January 1, 1970), measured in seconds.
     If the __timer variable is not NULL, the return value is also stored there. */
    srand(time(NULL));
    unsigned long i;
    for (i = 0; i < 10000000; i++)
    {
        /* int rand(void)
         The rand() function returns a pseudo-random integer in the range 0 to RAND_MAX inclusive. */
        rand();
    }
    const clock_t end = clock();

    /* ISO/IEC 9899:1999 7.23.1: Components of time
    The macro `CLOCKS_PER_SEC' is an expression with type `clock_t' that is
    the number per second of the value returned by the `clock' function. */
    /* CAE XSH, Issue 4, Version 2: <time.h>
    The value of CLOCKS_PER_SEC is required to be 1 million on all
    XSI-conformant systems. */
    const float seconds = (float) (end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;

    printf("Seconds elapsed %f\n", seconds);
    return 0;
}

Reading data from /dev/i2c-%d

 in C / GNU/Linux  tagged errno / fcntl / i2c / i2c_smbus_read_byte_data / i2c-dev.h / ioctl by

The following code will read a byte from position 0x10, of the register at 0x3f of the device /dev/i2c-2.

To compile this code, you need the helper library i2c-dev.h which can be found in the download package here: [download id=”3312″]

main.c

//Based on https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/i2c/dev-interface

#include "linux/i2c-dev.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <errno.h>

int main() {
    const int adapter_nr = 2;
    char filename[20];
    snprintf(filename, 19, "/dev/i2c-%d", adapter_nr);
    const int file = open(filename, O_RDWR);
    if (file < 0) {
        printf("Oh dear, something went wrong with open()! %s\n", strerror(errno));
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    // The I2C address. Got it from `i2cdetect -y 2;`
    const int addr = 0x3f;

    if (ioctl(file, I2C_SLAVE, addr) < 0) {
        printf("Oh dear, something went wrong with ioctl()! %s\n", strerror(errno));
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    // Device register to access.
    const __u8 reg = 0x10;
    // Using SMBus commands
    const __s32 result = i2c_smbus_read_byte_data(file, reg);
    if (result < 0) {
         // ERROR HANDLING: i2c transaction failed
         printf("Oh dear, something went wrong with i2c_smbus_read_byte_data()>i2c_smbus_access()>ioctl()! %s\n", strerror(errno));
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    } else {
        // res contains the read word
        printf("0x%+02x\n", result);
    }

    close(file);

    return(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

linux/i2c-dev.h

/*
    i2c-dev.h - i2c-bus driver, char device interface

    Copyright (C) 1995-97 Simon G. Vogl
    Copyright (C) 1998-99 Frodo Looijaard <[email protected]>

    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.

    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    GNU General Public License for more details.

    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
    Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston,
    MA 02110-1301 USA.
*/

#ifndef _LINUX_I2C_DEV_H
#define _LINUX_I2C_DEV_H

#include <linux/types.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <stddef.h>


/* -- i2c.h -- */


/*
 * I2C Message - used for pure i2c transaction, also from /dev interface
 */
struct i2c_msg {
    __u16 addr;    /* slave address            */
    unsigned short flags;
#define I2C_M_TEN    0x10    /* we have a ten bit chip address    */
#define I2C_M_RD    0x01
#define I2C_M_NOSTART    0x4000
#define I2C_M_REV_DIR_ADDR    0x2000
#define I2C_M_IGNORE_NAK    0x1000
#define I2C_M_NO_RD_ACK        0x0800
    short len;        /* msg length                */
    char *buf;        /* pointer to msg data            */
};

/* To determine what functionality is present */

#define I2C_FUNC_I2C            0x00000001
#define I2C_FUNC_10BIT_ADDR        0x00000002
#define I2C_FUNC_PROTOCOL_MANGLING    0x00000004 /* I2C_M_{REV_DIR_ADDR,NOSTART,..} */
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_PEC        0x00000008
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_BLOCK_PROC_CALL    0x00008000 /* SMBus 2.0 */
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_QUICK        0x00010000
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_BYTE    0x00020000
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_BYTE    0x00040000
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_BYTE_DATA    0x00080000
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_BYTE_DATA    0x00100000
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_WORD_DATA    0x00200000
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_WORD_DATA    0x00400000
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_PROC_CALL    0x00800000
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_BLOCK_DATA    0x01000000
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_BLOCK_DATA 0x02000000
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_I2C_BLOCK    0x04000000 /* I2C-like block xfer  */
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_I2C_BLOCK    0x08000000 /* w/ 1-byte reg. addr. */

#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_BYTE (I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_BYTE | \
                             I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_BYTE)
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_BYTE_DATA (I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_BYTE_DATA | \
                                  I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_BYTE_DATA)
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WORD_DATA (I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_WORD_DATA | \
                                  I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_WORD_DATA)
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_BLOCK_DATA (I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_BLOCK_DATA | \
                                   I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_BLOCK_DATA)
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_I2C_BLOCK (I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_I2C_BLOCK | \
                                  I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_I2C_BLOCK)

/* Old name, for compatibility */
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_HWPEC_CALC    I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_PEC

/*
 * Data for SMBus Messages
 */
#define I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_MAX    32    /* As specified in SMBus standard */
#define I2C_SMBUS_I2C_BLOCK_MAX    32    /* Not specified but we use same structure */
union i2c_smbus_data {
    __u8 byte;
    __u16 word;
    __u8 block[I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_MAX + 2]; /* block[0] is used for length */
                                                /* and one more for PEC */
};

/* smbus_access read or write markers */
#define I2C_SMBUS_READ    1
#define I2C_SMBUS_WRITE    0

/* SMBus transaction types (size parameter in the above functions)
   Note: these no longer correspond to the (arbitrary) PIIX4 internal codes! */
#define I2C_SMBUS_QUICK            0
#define I2C_SMBUS_BYTE            1
#define I2C_SMBUS_BYTE_DATA        2
#define I2C_SMBUS_WORD_DATA        3
#define I2C_SMBUS_PROC_CALL        4
#define I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_DATA        5
#define I2C_SMBUS_I2C_BLOCK_BROKEN  6
#define I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_PROC_CALL   7        /* SMBus 2.0 */
#define I2C_SMBUS_I2C_BLOCK_DATA    8


/* /dev/i2c-X ioctl commands.  The ioctl's parameter is always an
 * unsigned long, except for:
 *    - I2C_FUNCS, takes pointer to an unsigned long
 *    - I2C_RDWR, takes pointer to struct i2c_rdwr_ioctl_data
 *    - I2C_SMBUS, takes pointer to struct i2c_smbus_ioctl_data
 */
#define I2C_RETRIES    0x0701    /* number of times a device address should
                   be polled when not acknowledging */
#define I2C_TIMEOUT    0x0702    /* set timeout in units of 10 ms */

/* NOTE: Slave address is 7 or 10 bits, but 10-bit addresses
 * are NOT supported! (due to code brokenness)
 */
#define I2C_SLAVE    0x0703    /* Use this slave address */
#define I2C_SLAVE_FORCE    0x0706    /* Use this slave address, even if it
                   is already in use by a driver! */
#define I2C_TENBIT    0x0704    /* 0 for 7 bit addrs, != 0 for 10 bit */

#define I2C_FUNCS    0x0705    /* Get the adapter functionality mask */

#define I2C_RDWR    0x0707    /* Combined R/W transfer (one STOP only) */

#define I2C_PEC        0x0708    /* != 0 to use PEC with SMBus */
#define I2C_SMBUS    0x0720    /* SMBus transfer */


/* This is the structure as used in the I2C_SMBUS ioctl call */
struct i2c_smbus_ioctl_data {
    __u8 read_write;
    __u8 command;
    __u32 size;
    union i2c_smbus_data *data;
};

/* This is the structure as used in the I2C_RDWR ioctl call */
struct i2c_rdwr_ioctl_data {
    struct i2c_msg *msgs;    /* pointers to i2c_msgs */
    __u32 nmsgs;            /* number of i2c_msgs */
};

#define  I2C_RDRW_IOCTL_MAX_MSGS    42


static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_access(int file, char read_write, __u8 command,
                                     int size, union i2c_smbus_data *data)
{
    struct i2c_smbus_ioctl_data args;

    args.read_write = read_write;
    args.command = command;
    args.size = size;
    args.data = data;
    return ioctl(file,I2C_SMBUS,&args);
}


static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_write_quick(int file, __u8 value)
{
    return i2c_smbus_access(file,value,0,I2C_SMBUS_QUICK,NULL);
}

static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_read_byte(int file)
{
    union i2c_smbus_data data;
    if (i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_READ,0,I2C_SMBUS_BYTE,&data))
        return -1;
    else
        return 0x0FF & data.byte;
}

static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_write_byte(int file, __u8 value)
{
    return i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_WRITE,value,
                            I2C_SMBUS_BYTE,NULL);
}

static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_read_byte_data(int file, __u8 command)
{
    union i2c_smbus_data data;
    if (i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_READ,command,
                         I2C_SMBUS_BYTE_DATA,&data))
        return -1;
    else
        return 0x0FF & data.byte;
}

static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_write_byte_data(int file, __u8 command,
                                              __u8 value)
{
    union i2c_smbus_data data;
    data.byte = value;
    return i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_WRITE,command,
                            I2C_SMBUS_BYTE_DATA, &data);
}

static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_read_word_data(int file, __u8 command)
{
    union i2c_smbus_data data;
    if (i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_READ,command,
                         I2C_SMBUS_WORD_DATA,&data))
        return -1;
    else
        return 0x0FFFF & data.word;
}

static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_write_word_data(int file, __u8 command,
                                              __u16 value)
{
    union i2c_smbus_data data;
    data.word = value;
    return i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_WRITE,command,
                            I2C_SMBUS_WORD_DATA, &data);
}

static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_process_call(int file, __u8 command, __u16 value)
{
    union i2c_smbus_data data;
    data.word = value;
    if (i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_WRITE,command,
                         I2C_SMBUS_PROC_CALL,&data))
        return -1;
    else
        return 0x0FFFF & data.word;
}


/* Returns the number of read bytes */
static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_read_block_data(int file, __u8 command,
                                              __u8 *values)
{
    union i2c_smbus_data data;
    int i;
    if (i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_READ,command,
                         I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_DATA,&data))
        return -1;
    else {
        for (i = 1; i <= data.block[0]; i++)
            values[i-1] = data.block[i];
        return data.block[0];
    }
}

static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_write_block_data(int file, __u8 command,
                                               __u8 length, const __u8 *values)
{
    union i2c_smbus_data data;
    int i;
    if (length > 32)
        length = 32;
    for (i = 1; i <= length; i++)
        data.block[i] = values[i-1];
    data.block[0] = length;
    return i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_WRITE,command,
                            I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_DATA, &data);
}

/* Returns the number of read bytes */
/* Until kernel 2.6.22, the length is hardcoded to 32 bytes. If you
   ask for less than 32 bytes, your code will only work with kernels
   2.6.23 and later. */
static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_read_i2c_block_data(int file, __u8 command,
                                                  __u8 length, __u8 *values)
{
    union i2c_smbus_data data;
    int i;

    if (length > 32)
        length = 32;
    data.block[0] = length;
    if (i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_READ,command,
                         length == 32 ? I2C_SMBUS_I2C_BLOCK_BROKEN :
                          I2C_SMBUS_I2C_BLOCK_DATA,&data))
        return -1;
    else {
        for (i = 1; i <= data.block[0]; i++)
            values[i-1] = data.block[i];
        return data.block[0];
    }
}

static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_write_i2c_block_data(int file, __u8 command,
                                                   __u8 length,
                                                   const __u8 *values)
{
    union i2c_smbus_data data;
    int i;
    if (length > 32)
        length = 32;
    for (i = 1; i <= length; i++)
        data.block[i] = values[i-1];
    data.block[0] = length;
    return i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_WRITE,command,
                            I2C_SMBUS_I2C_BLOCK_BROKEN, &data);
}

/* Returns the number of read bytes */
static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_block_process_call(int file, __u8 command,
                                                 __u8 length, __u8 *values)
{
    union i2c_smbus_data data;
    int i;
    if (length > 32)
        length = 32;
    for (i = 1; i <= length; i++)
        data.block[i] = values[i-1];
    data.block[0] = length;
    if (i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_WRITE,command,
                         I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_PROC_CALL,&data))
        return -1;
    else {
        for (i = 1; i <= data.block[0]; i++)
            values[i-1] = data.block[i];
        return data.block[0];
    }
}


#endif /* _LINUX_I2C_DEV_H */

C: Full example of pthread_cond_timedwait() 2

 in C / Programming  tagged clock_gettime / pthread_cond_init / pthread_cond_signal / pthread_cond_t / pthread_cond_timedwait / pthread_create / pthread_join / pthread_mutex_init / pthread_mutex_lock / pthread_mutex_t / pthread_mutex_unlock / pthread_setcanceltype / pthread_t by

The following code has two threads.
The main thread spawns a pthread and then blocks on a condition waiting for a signal from the pthread.
The pthread will perform its task and then signal the main thread.
Once the main thread receives its signal, it will join the pthread and terminate.

[download id=”2713″]


#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <asm/errno.h>

#define MAX_WAIT_TIME_IN_SECONDS (6)

struct thread_info_t
{
    // Used to identify a thread.
    pthread_t thread_id;
    // A condition is a synchronization device that allows threads to suspend execution and relinquish the processors until some predicate on shared data is satisfied.
    // The basic operations on conditions are: signal the condition (when the predicate becomes true), and wait for the condition, suspending the thread execution until another thread signals the condition.
    pthread_cond_t condition;
    // A mutex is a MUTual EXclusion device, and is useful for protecting shared data structures from concurrent modifications, and implementing critical sections and monitors.
    // A mutex has two possible states: unlocked (not owned by any thread), and locked (owned by one thread).
    // A mutex can never be owned by two different threads simultaneously.
    // A thread attempting to lock a mutex that is already locked by another thread is suspended until the owning thread unlocks the mutex first.
    pthread_mutex_t mutex;
};

void error_pthread_mutex_unlock(const int unlock_rv)
{
    fprintf(stderr, "Failed to unlock mutex.\n");
    switch (unlock_rv)
    {
        case EINVAL:
            fprintf(stderr, "The value specified by mutex does not refer to an initialized mutex object.\n");
            break;
        case EAGAIN:
            fprintf(stderr, "The mutex could not be acquired because the maximum number of recursive locks for mutex has been exceeded.\n");
            break;
        case EPERM:
            fprintf(stderr, "The current thread does not own the mutex.\n");
            break;
        default:
            break;
    }
}

void error_pthread_mutex_lock(const int lock_rv)
{
    fprintf(stderr, "Failed to lock mutex.\n");
    switch (lock_rv)
    {
        case EINVAL:
            fprintf(stderr, "The value specified by mutex does not refer to an initialized mutex object or the mutex was created with the protocol attribute having the value PTHREAD_PRIO_PROTECT and the calling thread's priority is higher than the mutex's current priority ceiling.\n");
            break;
        case EAGAIN:
            fprintf(stderr, "The mutex could not be acquired because the maximum number of recursive locks for mutex has been exceeded.\n");
            break;
        case EDEADLK:
            fprintf(stderr, "A deadlock condition was detected or the current thread already owns the mutex.\n");
            break;
        default:
            break;
    }
}

void error_pthread_cond_signal(const int signal_rv)
{
    fprintf(stderr, "Could not signal.\n");
    if (signal_rv == EINVAL)
    {
        fprintf(stderr, "The value cond does not refer to an initialised condition variable.\n");
    }
}

void error_pthread_setcanceltype(const int setcanceltype_rv)
{
    fprintf(stderr, "Could not change cancelability type of thread.\n");
    if (setcanceltype_rv == EINVAL)
    {
        fprintf(stderr, "Invalid value for type.\n");
    }
}

void error_pthread_create(const int create_rv)
{
    fprintf(stderr, "Could not create thread.\n");
    switch (create_rv)
    {
        case EAGAIN:
            fprintf(stderr, "Insufficient resources to create another thread or a system-imposed limit on the number of threads was encountered.\n");
            break;
        case EINVAL:
            fprintf(stderr, "Invalid settings in attr.\n");
            break;
        case EPERM:
            fprintf(stderr, "No permission to set the scheduling policy and parameters specified in attr.\n");
            break;
        default:
            break;
    }
}

void error_pthread_cond_timedwait(const int timed_wait_rv)
{
    fprintf(stderr, "Conditional timed wait, failed.\n");
    switch (timed_wait_rv)
    {
        case ETIMEDOUT:
            fprintf(stderr, "The time specified by abstime to pthread_cond_timedwait() has passed.\n");
            break;
        case EINVAL:
            fprintf(stderr, "The value specified by abstime, cond or mutex is invalid.\n");
            break;
        case EPERM:
            fprintf(stderr, "The mutex was not owned by the current thread at the time of the call.\n");
            break;
        default:
            break;
    }
}

void error_pthread_join(const int join_rv)
{

    fprintf(stderr, "Could not join thread.\n");
    switch (join_rv)
    {
        case EINVAL:
            fprintf(stderr, "The implementation has detected that the value specified by thread does not refer to a joinable thread.\n");
            break;
        case ESRCH:
            fprintf(stderr, "No thread could be found corresponding to that specified by the given thread ID.\n");
            break;
        case EDEADLK:
            fprintf(stderr, "A deadlock was detected or the value of thread specifies the calling thread.\n");
            break;
        default:
            break;
    }
}

void error_clock_gettime(const int gettime_rv)
{
    fprintf(stderr, "Could not get time from clock.\n");
    switch (gettime_rv)
    {
        case EFAULT:
            fprintf(stderr, "tp points outside the accessible address space.\n");
            break;
        case EINVAL:
            fprintf(stderr, "The clk_id specified is not supported on this system.\n");
            break;
        case EPERM:
            fprintf(stderr, "clock_settime() does not have permission to set the clock indicated.\n");
            break;
        default:
            break;
    }
}

// This is the thread that will be called by pthread_create() and it will be executed by the new thread.
void *worker_thread(void *data)
{
    // We know that the input data pointer is pointing to a thread_info_t so we are casting it to the right type.
    struct thread_info_t *thread_info = (struct thread_info_t *) data;

    // We block this thread trying to lock the mutex, this way we will make sure that the parent thread had enough time to call pthread_cond_timedwait().
    // When the parent thread calls pthread_cond_timedwait() it will unlock the mutex and this thread will be able to proceed.
    const int lock_rv = pthread_mutex_lock(&(thread_info->mutex));
    if (lock_rv)
    {
        error_pthread_mutex_lock(lock_rv);
    }

    int oldtype;
    // The pthread_setcanceltype() sets the cancelability type of the calling thread to the value given in type.
    // The previous cancelability type of the thread is returned in the buffer pointed to by oldtype.
    // The argument PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS means that the thread can be canceled at any time.
    const int setcanceltype_rv = pthread_setcanceltype(PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, &oldtype);
    if (setcanceltype_rv)
    {
        error_pthread_setcanceltype(setcanceltype_rv);
    }

    // TODO: This is the place you should implement the functionality that is needed for this thread

    // The pthread_cond_signal() call unblocks at least one of the threads that are blocked on the specified condition variable cond (if any threads are blocked on cond).
    const int signal_rv = pthread_cond_signal(&(thread_info->condition));
    if (signal_rv)
    {
        error_pthread_cond_signal(signal_rv);
    }

    // The pthread_mutex_unlock() function shall release the mutex object referenced by mutex.
    const int unlock_rv = pthread_mutex_unlock(&(thread_info->mutex));
    if (unlock_rv)
    {
        error_pthread_mutex_unlock(unlock_rv);
    }
    return NULL;
}

int main()
{
    struct thread_info_t thread_info;
    pthread_cond_init(&thread_info.condition, NULL);
    pthread_mutex_init(&thread_info.mutex, NULL);

    const int lock_rv = pthread_mutex_lock(&thread_info.mutex);
    if (lock_rv)
    {
        error_pthread_mutex_lock(lock_rv);
    }

    const int create_rv = pthread_create(&(thread_info.thread_id), NULL, &worker_thread, (void *) &thread_info);
    if (create_rv)
    {
        error_pthread_create(create_rv);
        const int unlock_rv = pthread_mutex_unlock(&thread_info.mutex);
        if (unlock_rv)
        {
            error_pthread_mutex_unlock(unlock_rv);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        // timespec is a structure holding an interval broken down into seconds and nanoseconds.
        struct timespec max_wait = {0, 0};

        // The clock_gettime system call has higher precision than its successor the gettimeofday().
        // It has the ability to request specific clocks using the clock id.
        // It fills in a timespec structure with the seconds and nanosecond count of the time since the Epoch (00:00 1 January, 1970 UTC).
        // CLOCK_REALTIME argument represents a system-wide real-time clock. This clock is supported by all implementations and returns the number of seconds and nanoseconds since the Epoch.
        const int gettime_rv = clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &max_wait);
        if (gettime_rv)
        {
            error_clock_gettime(gettime_rv);
        }
        max_wait.tv_sec += MAX_WAIT_TIME_IN_SECONDS;

        // The pthread_cond_timedwait() function blocks on a condition variable.
        // It must be called with a mutex locked by the calling thread or undefined behavior results will occur.
        // This function atomically releases the mutex and causes the calling thread to block on the condition variable cond;
        // atomically here means "atomically with respect to access by another thread to the mutex and then the condition variable".
        // That is, if another thread is able to acquire the mutex after the about-to-block thread has released it, then a subsequent call to pthread_cond_broadcast() or pthread_cond_signal() in that thread shall behave as if it were issued after the about-to-block thread has blocked.
        const int timed_wait_rv = pthread_cond_timedwait(&thread_info.condition, &thread_info.mutex, &max_wait);
        if (timed_wait_rv)
        {
            error_pthread_cond_timedwait(timed_wait_rv);
        }

        // The pthread_join() function suspends execution of the calling thread until the target thread terminates, unless the target thread has already terminated.
        const int join_rv = pthread_join(thread_info.thread_id, NULL);
        if (join_rv)
        {
            error_pthread_join(join_rv);
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

[download id=”2713″]