C++: How to print an unsigned character (unsigned byte – uint8_t) using cout 1

When you try to print an unsigned 8-bit (1 byte – uint8_t) integer through cout, you will notice that instead of getting the arithmetic value of the variable on the output, you will get its character representation of the ASCII table. This issue occurs due to the fact that there is no data type for unsigned 8-bit integer in C++ and the uint8_t is nothing more than a typedef of the unsigned char data type. When cout tries to print the uint8_t it will call the ostream& operator<< (ostream& os, unsigned char c); which will insert the character representation of the character variable c to the os.

Below we propose a few methods to resolve this issue.

Method A: Convert the variable to an unsigned int before printing it

The following example will convert the value of the variable to an unsigned int before printing it so that cout will call the ostream& operator<< (unsigned int val); and it will print it as a number.


//For unsigned characters
cout << unsigned(c) << endl;
//For signed characters
cout << int(c) << endl;

Method B: Static cast the variable to an unsigned int before printing it

The following example will use static_cast to cast the value of the variable to an unsigned int before printing it so that cout will call the ostream& operator<< (unsigned int val); and it will print it as a number.


//For unsigned characters
cout << static_cast<unsigned int>(c) << endl;
//For signed characters
cout << static_cast<int>(c) << endl;

Method C: Cast the variable to an unsigned int before printing it

The following example will cast the value of the variable to an unsigned int before printing it so that cout will call the ostream& operator<< (unsigned int val); and it will print it as a number.


//For unsigned characters
cout << (unsigned int) c << endl;
//For signed characters
cout << (int) c << endl;

Method D: Add a unary + operator before the variable to create an arithmetic operation that does not affect the value and print its result

The following example will add a unary + operator before the variable so that it will produce an arithmetic result and print that one so that cout will treat the result as a number.


cout << +c << endl;

Method E: Use Argument-dependent name lookup (ADL)

Argument-dependent name lookup, applies to the lookup of an unqualified function name depending on the types of the arguments given to the function call.
Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument-dependent_name_lookup

In the following example we change the behavior of cout using a custom namespace to achieve the goal of printing and char as an 8-bit integer.
Specifically, we overload the inline std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const char c); for cases where we the variable is not defined to be signed or not, to check if the input char variable is signed or unsigned and then perform a static_cast to the proper type.
Also, inline std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const signed char c); and inline std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const unsigned char c); are also overloaded to perform the correct static_cast immediately when the the type of the variable is known.


#include <iostream>

namespace bytes {
    inline std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const char c) {
        return os << (std::is_signed<char>::value
                ? static_cast<int>(c)
                : static_cast<unsigned int>(c));
    }

    inline std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const signed char c) {
        return os << static_cast<int>(c);
    }

    inline std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const unsigned char c) {
        return os << static_cast<unsigned int>(c);
    }
}

using namespace std;

int main() {

    const uint8_t c = 64;

    {
        using namespace bytes;
        cout << c << endl;
    }
    {
        cout << c << endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

There are evidence that suggest a strong correlation between birthdays and years lived.
But let’s be all cautious of possible bias.

Compiling Wireshark 1.8.8 on Fedora 25 (64bit)

Recently we received some dissector plugins for Wireshark version 1.8.x, which is not available to install through the repositories.
So, we had to install it ourselves and we decided to use version 1.8.8 that was the latest version of the 1.8.x series available in the following FedoraProject.org page.
The source code is available at https://www.wireshark.org/download/src/all-versions/ and http://pkgs.fedoraproject.org/repo/pkgs/wireshark/.

Download the patched version here: [download id=”3443″]

Synopsis

While configuring we run into a few problems, that we solved by installing the following packages:


sudo dnf install perl-podlators perl-Pod-Html gtk2-devel gtk3-devel libpcap-devel byacc flex -y;

When compiling we run into an error where an a wireshark enum was conflicting with a system one.
To resolve that issue we modified the file: epan/dissectors/packet-gluster.h and at line 357 we removed the next enum:

/* dir-entry types from libglusterfs/src/compat.h */
enum gluster_entry_types {
    DT_UNKNOWN = 0,
    DT_FIFO = 1,
    DT_CHR = 2,
    DT_DIR = 4,
    DT_BLK = 6,
    DT_REG = 8,
    DT_LNK = 10,
    DT_SOCK = 12,
    DT_WHT = 14
};

It is safe to delete it as it exists in the exact same form and same values in the system header files.
Please note that in version 1.8.15 we found the following enum, which shows that it was decided later on to just change the enum fields.

/* dir-entry types from libglusterfs/src/compat.h */
enum gluster_entry_types {
    GLUSTER_DT_UNKNOWN = 0,
    GLUSTER_DT_FIFO = 1,
    GLUSTER_DT_CHR = 2,
    GLUSTER_DT_DIR = 4,
    GLUSTER_DT_BLK = 6,
    GLUSTER_DT_REG = 8,
    GLUSTER_DT_LNK = 10,
    GLUSTER_DT_SOCK = 12,
    GLUSTER_DT_WHT = 14
};

Later during compilation we got the error that there was an undefined reference to g_memmove, we copied the definition of g_memmove (see below) from  packaging/macosx/native-gtk/glibconfig.h at line 81 and pasted it on the first line of the files ui/gtk/export_object_smb.c and epan/dissectors/packet-ssl-utils.c.

#define g_memmove(dest,src,len) G_STMT_START { memmove ((dest), (src), (len)); } G_STMT_END

Finally during documentation generation we had a problem with two authors that there were Non-ASCII characters in their names so we updated the file AUTHORS and replaced the names Peter Kovář  with Peter Kovar and Роман Донченко with Roman Donchenko which are strings that only contain ASCII characters.

Download the patched version here: [download id=”3443″]

The Problems One by One

checking for pod2man... /usr/bin/pod2man
checking for pod2html... no
configure: error: I couldn't find pod2html; make sure it's installed and in your path

Solution: sudo dnf install perl-podlators perl-Pod-Html;

checking for GTK+ - version >= 2.12.0 and < 3.0... Package gtk+-2.0 was not found in the pkg-config search path.
Perhaps you should add the directory containing `gtk+-2.0.pc'
to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable
No package 'gtk+-2.0' found
no
*** Could not run GTK+ test program, checking why...
*** The test program failed to compile or link. See the file config.log for the
*** exact error that occured. This usually means GTK+ is incorrectly installed.
configure: error: Neither Qt nor GTK+ 2.12 or later are available, so Wireshark can't be compiled

Solution: sudo dnf install gtk2-devel gtk3-devel;

checking for pcap-config... no
checking for extraneous pcap header directories... not found
checking pcap.h usability... no
checking pcap.h presence... no
checking for pcap.h... no
configure: error: Header file pcap.h not found; if you installed libpcap
from source, did you also do "make install-incl", and if you installed a
binary package of libpcap, is there also a developer's package of libpcap,
and did you also install that package?

Solution: sudo dnf install libpcap-devel;

libtool: compile:  gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I../.. -I./../.. -I./.. -DINET6 -DG_DISABLE_DEPRECATED -DG_DISABLE_SINGLE_INCLUDES -DGSEAL_ENABLE -DGTK_DISABLE_DEPRECATED -DGTK_DISABLE_SINGLE_INCLUDES -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 "-D_U_=__attribute__((unused))" -I/usr/local/include -DPLUGIN_DIR=\"/usr/local/lib/wireshark/plugins/1.8.8\" -g -O2 -Wall -W -Wextra -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wendif-labels -Wpointer-arith -Wno-pointer-sign -Warray-bounds -Wcast-align -Wformat-security -Wold-style-definition -Wno-error=unused-but-set-variable -fexcess-precision=fast -pthread -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/lib64/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/include/cairo -I/usr/include/pixman-1 -I/usr/include/libdrm -I/usr/include/gdk-pixbuf-2.0 -I/usr/include/libpng16 -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/include/harfbuzz -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib64/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/libpng16 -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/libpng16 -MT libdissectors_la-packet-gluster_cli.lo -MD -MP -MF .deps/libdissectors_la-packet-gluster_cli.Tpo -c packet-gluster_cli.c  -fPIC -DPIC -o .libs/libdissectors_la-packet-gluster_cli.o
In file included from /usr/include/glib-2.0/glib/gdir.h:32:0,
                 from /usr/include/glib-2.0/glib.h:45,
                 from packet-gluster_cli.c:40:
packet-gluster.h:359:2: error: redeclaration of enumerator 'DT_UNKNOWN'
  DT_UNKNOWN = 0,
  ^
/usr/include/dirent.h:99:5: note: previous definition of 'DT_UNKNOWN' was here
     DT_UNKNOWN = 0,
     ^~~~~~~~~~
packet-gluster.h:360:2: error: redeclaration of enumerator 'DT_FIFO'
  DT_FIFO = 1,
  ^
/usr/include/dirent.h:101:5: note: previous definition of 'DT_FIFO' was here
     DT_FIFO = 1,
     ^~~~~~~
packet-gluster.h:361:2: error: redeclaration of enumerator 'DT_CHR'
  DT_CHR = 2,
  ^
/usr/include/dirent.h:103:5: note: previous definition of 'DT_CHR' was here
     DT_CHR = 2,
     ^~~~~~
packet-gluster.h:362:2: error: redeclaration of enumerator 'DT_DIR'
  DT_DIR = 4,
  ^
/usr/include/dirent.h:105:5: note: previous definition of 'DT_DIR' was here
     DT_DIR = 4,
     ^~~~~~
packet-gluster.h:363:2: error: redeclaration of enumerator 'DT_BLK'
  DT_BLK = 6,
  ^
/usr/include/dirent.h:107:5: note: previous definition of 'DT_BLK' was here
     DT_BLK = 6,
     ^~~~~~
packet-gluster.h:364:2: error: redeclaration of enumerator 'DT_REG'
  DT_REG = 8,
  ^
/usr/include/dirent.h:109:5: note: previous definition of 'DT_REG' was here
     DT_REG = 8,
     ^~~~~~
packet-gluster.h:365:2: error: redeclaration of enumerator 'DT_LNK'
  DT_LNK = 10,
  ^
/usr/include/dirent.h:111:5: note: previous definition of 'DT_LNK' was here
     DT_LNK = 10,
     ^~~~~~
packet-gluster.h:366:2: error: redeclaration of enumerator 'DT_SOCK'
  DT_SOCK = 12,
  ^
/usr/include/dirent.h:113:5: note: previous definition of 'DT_SOCK' was here
     DT_SOCK = 12,
     ^~~~~~~
packet-gluster.h:367:2: error: redeclaration of enumerator 'DT_WHT'
  DT_WHT = 14
  ^
/usr/include/dirent.h:115:5: note: previous definition of 'DT_WHT' was here
     DT_WHT = 14
     ^~~~~~
Makefile:6516: recipe for target 'libdissectors_la-packet-gluster_cli.lo' failed
make[5]: *** [libdissectors_la-packet-gluster_cli.lo] Error 1

Solution: edit epan/dissectors/packet-gluster.h and at line 357 delete this

/* dir-entry types from libglusterfs/src/compat.h */
enum gluster_entry_types {
    DT_UNKNOWN = 0,
    DT_FIFO = 1,
    DT_CHR = 2,
    DT_DIR = 4,
    DT_BLK = 6,
    DT_REG = 8,
    DT_LNK = 10,
    DT_SOCK = 12,
    DT_WHT = 14
};

libtool: link: gcc -DPYTHON_DIR= -g -O2 -Wall -W -Wextra -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wendif-labels -Wpointer-arith -Wno-pointer-sign -Warray-bounds -Wcast-align -Wformat-security -Wold-style-definition -Wno-error=unused-but-set-variable -fexcess-precision=fast -pthread -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/lib64/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/include/cairo -I/usr/include/pixman-1 -I/usr/include/libdrm -I/usr/include/gdk-pixbuf-2.0 -I/usr/include/libpng16 -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/include/harfbuzz -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib64/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/libpng16 -I/usr/include/freetype2 -I/usr/include/libpng16 -Wl,--as-needed -o .libs/wireshark wireshark-capture-pcap-util-unix.o wireshark-capture-pcap-util.o wireshark-cfile.o wireshark-clopts_common.o wireshark-disabled_protos.o wireshark-frame_data_sequence.o wireshark-packet-range.o wireshark-print.o wireshark-ps.o wireshark-sync_pipe_write.o wireshark-timestats.o wireshark-tap-megaco-common.o wireshark-tap-rtp-common.o wireshark-version_info.o wireshark-capture_ifinfo.o wireshark-capture_sync.o wireshark-capture_ui_utils.o wireshark-airpcap_loader.o wireshark-capture.o wireshark-capture_info.o wireshark-capture_opts.o wireshark-color_filters.o wireshark-file.o wireshark-fileset.o wireshark-filters.o wireshark-g711.o wireshark-merge.o wireshark-proto_hier_stats.o wireshark-recent.o wireshark-summary.o wireshark-tempfile.o wireshark-u3.o .libs/wiresharkS.o -pthread -Wl,--export-dynamic -pthread -Wl,--export-dynamic  -L/usr/local/lib ui/gtk/libgtkui.a ui/gtk/libgtkui_dirty.a ui/libui.a codecs/libcodec.a wiretap/.libs/libwiretap.so epan/.libs/libwireshark.so wsutil/.libs/libwsutil.so -lpcap -lkrb5 -lk5crypto -lcom_err -lgtk-x11-2.0 -lgdk-x11-2.0 -lpangocairo-1.0 -latk-1.0 -lcairo -lgdk_pixbuf-2.0 -lgio-2.0 -lpangoft2-1.0 -lpango-1.0 -lgobject-2.0 -lfontconfig -lfreetype -lgthread-2.0 -lgmodule-2.0 -lglib-2.0 -lm -lz -pthread -Wl,-rpath -Wl,/usr/local/lib
ui/gtk/libgtkui.a(libgtkui_a-export_object_smb.o): In function `insert_chunk':
/home/george/Downloads/wireshark-1.8.8/ui/gtk/export_object_smb.c:230: undefined reference to `g_memmove'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status

Solution: Copy the definition of g_memmove (see below) from  packaging/macosx/native-gtk/glibconfig.h at line 81 and paste it on the first line of the files ui/gtk/export_object_smb.c and epan/dissectors/packet-ssl-utils.c.

#define g_memmove(dest,src,len) G_STMT_START { memmove ((dest), (src), (len)); } G_STMT_END

Making all in doc
make[2]: Entering directory '/home/george/Downloads/wireshark-1.8.8/doc'
/usr/bin/perl ./perlnoutf.pl ./make-authors-short.pl < ../AUTHORS > AUTHORS-SHORT
cp AUTHORS-SHORT ..
/usr/bin/perl ./perlnoutf.pl ./make-authors-format.pl < AUTHORS-SHORT > AUTHORS-SHORT-FORMAT
cat ./wireshark.pod.template AUTHORS-SHORT-FORMAT > wireshark.pod
/usr/bin/pod2man                    \
--center="The Wireshark Network Analyzer"    \
--release=1.8.8                \
wireshark.pod  > wireshark.1
Wide character in printf at /usr/share/perl5/vendor_perl/Pod/Simple.pm line 565.
wireshark.pod around line 3527: Non-ASCII character seen before =encoding in 'KovE<aacute>ř'. Assuming UTF-8
POD document had syntax errors at /usr/bin/pod2man line 71.

and

cat ./wireshark.pod.template AUTHORS-SHORT-FORMAT > wireshark.pod
/usr/bin/pod2man                    \
--center="The Wireshark Network Analyzer"    \
--release=1.8.8                \
wireshark.pod  > wireshark.1
Wide character in printf at /usr/share/perl5/vendor_perl/Pod/Simple.pm line 565.
wireshark.pod around line 3618: Non-ASCII character seen before =encoding in 'Роман'. Assuming UTF-8
POD document had syntax errors at /usr/bin/pod2man line 71.

Solution: update the file AUTHORS and replace the names the names Peter Kovář  with Peter Kovar and Роман Донченко with Roman Donchenko which are strings that only contain ASCII characters.

Download the patched version here: [download id=”3443″]

Fedora 25: Program a sysmocom SIM card using HID OMNIKEY 3121

We got our hands on an HID OMNIKEY 3121 card reader that we were going to use to program a sysmocom sysmoUSIM-SJS1 SIM card on a Fedora 25 (64bit).

After attaching the card reader on the host machine, we executed lsusb to verify that we could see the card reader on the host machine.
Among the results we got the following line indicating that the card reader was available.

$ lsusb
...
Bus 003 Device 002: ID 076b:3022 OmniKey AG CardMan 3021
...

Then we added a SIM card to the reader to prepare it for reading and updated our system:

sudo dnf upgrade -y;

To read and program the SIM card we decided to use the pySim-prog utility (http://git.osmocom.org/pysim/about/).
pySim-prog is a small command line utility written in python, which is used for programming various programmable SIM/USIM cards like the sysmoUSIM-SJS1.

To use the utility, we first installed the needed dependencies using the following command:

sudo dnf install ca-certificates python-pip swig python-devel pcsc-lite-devel git pcsc-lite redhat-rpm-config pcsc-tools -y;

Then we started the pcscd service as such:

sudo systemctl start pcscd;

Please note that if you want to automatically start the pcscd service at each boot execute:

sudo systemctl enable pcscd;

Then we used sudo pcsc_scan tool to test that the reader is functioning properly as it regularly scans every PC/SC readers connected to the host.
We got some data similar to this:

$ sudo pcsc_scan 
PC/SC device scanner
V 1.4.25 (c) 2001-2011, Ludovic Rousseau <[email protected]>
Compiled with PC/SC lite version: 1.8.15
Using reader plug'n play mechanism
Scanning present readers...
0: OMNIKEY AG 3121 USB 00 00

Fri May 26 19:22:15 2017
Reader 0: OMNIKEY AG 3121 USB 00 00
  Card state: Card inserted, 
  ATR: 18 00 00 01 A5 3B 9F 96 80 1F 21 13 67 43 20 07 C7 80 31 A0 73 BE

ATR: 18 00 00 01 A5 3B 9F 96 80 1F 21 13 67 43 20 07 C7 80 31 A0 73 BE
+ TS = 3B --> Direct Convention
+ T0 = 9F, Y(1): 1001, K: 15 (historical bytes)
  TA(1) = 96 --> Fi=512, Di=32, 16 cycles/ETU
    250000 bits/s at 4 MHz, fMax for Fi = 5 MHz => 312500 bits/s
  TD(1) = 80 --> Y(i+1) = 1000, Protocol T = 0 
-----
  TD(2) = 1F --> Y(i+1) = 0001, Protocol T = 15 - Global interface bytes following 
-----
  TA(3) = C7 --> Clock stop: no preference - Class accepted by the card: (3G) A 5V B 3V C 1.8V 
+ Historical bytes: 00 00 01 80 31 A0 67 43 20 07 18 73 BE 21 13
  Category indicator byte: 80 (compact TLV data object)
    Tag: 3, len: 1 (card service data byte)
      Card service data byte: A0
        - Application selection: by full DF name
        - BER-TLV data objects available in EF.DIR
        - EF.DIR and EF.ATR access services: by GET RECORD(s) command
        - Card with MF
    Tag: 7, len: 3 (card capabilities)
      Selection methods: BE
        - DF selection by full DF name
        - DF selection by path
        - DF selection by file identifier
        - Implicit DF selection
        - Short EF identifier supported
        - Record number supported
      Data coding byte: 21
        - Behaviour of write functions: proprietary
        - Value 'FF' for the first byte of BER-TLV tag fields: invalid
        - Data unit in quartets: 2
      Command chaining, length fields and logical channels: 13
        - Logical channel number assignment: by the card
        - Maximum number of logical channels: 4
    Tag: 6, len: 7 (pre-issuing data)
      Data: 43 20 00 01 07 18 00
+ TCK = A5 (correct checksum)

Possibly identified card (using /usr/share/pcsc/smartcard_list.txt):
18 00 00 01 A5 3B 9F 96 80 1F 21 13 67 43 20 07 C7 80 31 A0 73 BE
    sysmoUSIM-SJS1 (Telecommunication)
    http://www.sysmocom.de/products/sysmousim-sjs1-sim-usim

We hit Ctrl+C to terminate the application.

After this successful test, we proceeded into getting the software of pysim and installing an additional python dependency called pyscard through pip.

sudo pip install --upgrade pip;
sudo pip install pyscard;

Later, we cloned the pysim repository:

git clone http://git.osmocom.org/pysim/;
cd pysim;

And finally, we started using it.

Read SIM information

To read the information on the SIM card, we executed the following

sudo python2 pySim-read.py --pcsc-device=0;

And got this back:

Reading ...
ICCID: 0000898100110000821
IMSI: 900659000010170
SMSP: fffffffffffffffffffafffafffbffffffffffffffff0581ffffffffffe1ffffffffffffffffff005155f5ffffffffffff000000
ACC: 0200
MSISDN: Not available
Done !

Write SIM information

To write to the SIM new information we executed the following:

sudo python2 pySim-prog.py --pcsc-device=0 --type sysmoUSIM-SJS1 --pin-adm=81297587 --mcc=901 --mnc=71 --imsi=901700106590000 --iccid=8982211003300110000 --opc=3987059FEF153333661279FB1FC74BE0 --ki=1DAA6FA8B2549F20D0F42113E62B9925;

Which resulted in the following successful message:

Insert card now (or CTRL-C to cancel)
Generated card parameters :
 > Name    : Magic
 > SMSP    : e1ffffffffffffffffffffffff0581005155f5ffffffffffff000000
 > ICCID   : 8982211003300110000
 > MCC/MNC : 901/71
 > IMSI    : 901700106590000
 > Ki      : 1DAA6FA8B2549F20D0F42113E62B9925
 > OPC     : 3987059FEF153333661279FB1FC74BE0
 > ACC     : None

Programming ...
Done !