Μηνιαία αρχεία: Νοέμβριος 2016

How to Start/Stop or Enable/Disable firewalld on CentOS 7 2

 στο GNU/Linux  επισημασμένο με ετικέτα CentOS / centos 7 / firewall / firewalld / GNU/Linux Από

firewalld (Dynamic Firewall Manager) tool provides a dynamically managed firewall. The tool enables network/firewall zones to define the trust level of network connections and/or interfaces. It has support both for IPv4 and IPv6 firewall settings. Also, it supports Ethernet bridges and allow you to separate between runtime and permanent configuration options. Finally, it supports an interface for services or applications to add firewall rules directly.

Disable firewalld

To disable firewalld, execute the following command as root or using sudo:

systemctl disable firewalld

Enable firewalld

To enable firewalld, execute the following command as root or using sudo:

systemctl enable firewalld

Stop firewalld

To stop (or deactivate) firewalld,execute the following command as root or using sudo:

systemctl stop firewalld

Start firewalld

To start (or activate) firewalld, execute the following command as root or using sudo:

systemctl start firewalld

Status of firewalld

To check the status of firewalld, execute the following command as root or using sudo:

systemctl status firewalld

CONCEPTS

systemd provides a dependency system between various entities called “units” of 12 different types. Units encapsulate various objects that are relevant for system boot-up and maintenance. The majority of units are configured in unit configuration files, whose syntax and basic set of options is described in systemd.unit(5), however some are created automatically from other configuration, dynamically from system state or programmatically at runtime. Units may be “active” (meaning started, bound, plugged in, …, depending on the unit type, see below), or “inactive” (meaning stopped, unbound, unplugged, …), as well as in the process of being activated or deactivated, i.e. between the two states (these states are called “activating”, “deactivating”). A special “failed” state is available as well, which is very similar to “inactive” and is entered when the service failed in some way (process returned error code on exit, or crashed, or an operation timed out). If this state is entered, the cause will be logged, for later reference. Note that the various unit types may have a number of additional substates, which are mapped to the five generalized unit states described here.
— From man systemd

The above, in a nutshell:

  • enabled is a service that is configured to start when the system boots
  • disabled is a service that is configured to not start when the system boots
  • active is a service that is currently running
  • inactive is a service that is currently stopped and may be disabled, but it can be started and become active

C/C++: Set Affinity to process thread – Example Code 3

 στο C / C++  επισημασμένο με ετικέτα affinity / C++ / CPU / process Από

The following code sets the affinity of the process thread to a specific CPU core.
In this example, we define the CPU core id using the variable core_id.

Full source code available here [download id=”2363″]


#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define __USE_GNU
#include <sched.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>

// The <errno.h> header file defines the integer variable errno, which is set by system calls and some library functions in the event of an error to indicate what went wrong.
#define print_error_then_terminate(en, msg) \
  do { errno = en; perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0)


int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {

  // We want to camp on the 2nd CPU. The ID of that core is #1.
  const int core_id = 1;
  const pid_t pid = getpid();

  // cpu_set_t: This data set is a bitset where each bit represents a CPU.
  cpu_set_t cpuset;
  // CPU_ZERO: This macro initializes the CPU set set to be the empty set.
  CPU_ZERO(&cpuset);
  // CPU_SET: This macro adds cpu to the CPU set set.
  CPU_SET(core_id, &cpuset);

  // sched_setaffinity: This function installs the cpusetsize bytes long affinity mask pointed to by cpuset for the process or thread with the ID pid. If successful the function returns zero and the scheduler will in future take the affinity information into account. 
  const int set_result = sched_setaffinity(pid, sizeof(cpu_set_t), &cpuset);
  if (set_result != 0) {

    print_error_then_terminate(set_result, "sched_setaffinity");
  }

  // Check what is the actual affinity mask that was assigned to the thread.
  // sched_getaffinity: This functions stores the CPU affinity mask for the process or thread with the ID pid in the cpusetsize bytes long bitmap pointed to by cpuset. If successful, the function always initializes all bits in the cpu_set_t object and returns zero.
  const int get_affinity = sched_getaffinity(pid, sizeof(cpu_set_t), &cpuset);
  if (get_affinity != 0) {

    print_error_then_terminate(get_affinity, "sched_getaffinity");
  }

  // CPU_ISSET: This macro returns a nonzero value (true) if cpu is a member of the CPU set set, and zero (false) otherwise. 
  if (CPU_ISSET(core_id, &cpuset)) {

    fprintf(stdout, "Successfully set thread %d to affinity to CPU %d\n", pid, core_id);
  } else {

    fprintf(stderr, "Failed to set thread %d to affinity to CPU %d\n", pid, core_id);
  }

  return 0;
}

To compile we used the following command

gcc -Wall affinity.c -o affinity;

Full source code available here [download id=”2363″]

For a full pthread example please visit this link.

How to wrap text in an HTML pre tag using CSS

 στο CSS  επισημασμένο με ετικέτα css / html / pre / wrap Από

The <pre> tag element is often used when displaying code blocks because it preserves indentation and line breaks.
Text identified by a <pre> tag is rendered with all spaces and line breaks intact.
By default, <pre> does not support wrapping, so when you render a ‘large’ line, it will force your browser to show a horizontal scroll bar.
By using that scroll bar you will be able to to read the whole line part by part.
Having this feature enabled, the process of reading that line will not be as convenient as it would be after the line would wrap to the following lines like a book. It make sense as you will never be able to see the whole line in one screen.

To mitigate the problem we used the following css snippet, which will instruct most browsers to wrap the contents of all <pre> tags.

pre {
 overflow-x: auto;
 white-space: pre-wrap;
 white-space: -moz-pre-wrap !important;
 white-space: -pre-wrap;
 white-space: -o-pre-wrap;
 word-wrap: break-word;
}

How to search for specific filenames in .tar archives

 στο GNU/Linux  επισημασμένο με ετικέτα bz2 / find / grep / gz / tar / tgz / xz Από

The following commands will search in the .tar archives found in the specified folder and print on screen all files that their paths or filenames match our search token. We provide multiple solutions, each one for a different type of .tar archive depending on the compression used.

For .tar archives

find /media/repository/packages/ -type f -iname "*.tar" -exec tar -t -f '{}' \; | grep "configurations/arm-cortexa9";

For .tar.bz2 archives

find /media/repository/packages/ -type f -iname "*.tar.bz2" -exec tar -t -j -f '{}' \; | grep "configurations/arm-cortexa9";

For .tar.xz archives

find /media/repository/packages/ -type f -iname "*.tar.xz" -exec tar -t -J -f '{}' \; | grep "configurations/arm-cortexa9";

For .tar.gz and .tgz archives

Please note that this commands uses the -o (which is the logical or) parameter on find to search for multiple filename extensions.

find /media/repository/packages/ -type f \( -iname "*.tar.gz" -o -iname "*.tgz" \) -exec tar -t -z -f '{}' \; | grep "configurations/arm-cortexa9";

find Parameters Legend

  • -type f filters out any result which is not a regular file
  • -exec command '{}' \; runs the specified command on the results of find. The string '{}' is replaced by the current file name being processed.
  • -o is the logical Or operator. The second expression  is not evaluated if the first expression is true.

tar Parameters Legend

  • -z or --gzip instructs tar to filter the archive through gzip
  • -j or --bzip2 filters the archive through bzip2
  • -J or --xz filters the archive through xz
  • -t or --list lists the contents of an archive
  • -f or --file=INPUT uses the archive file or device named INPUT