Μηνιαία αρχεία: Μάρτιος 2017


How to use git features on a local project without a Git server

Like many of you, sometimes we develop code that does not belong to a Git server.
Working as so, one would think that we would miss all the features of a Version Control System (VCS).
Fortunately, this assumption is wrong.
Using the already installed Git tools, we can create a new local repository in any system folder with no additional configuration.

To do so, and create a new repository from an existing project, we need to do the following using a terminal/shell:

  1. Navigate into the directory that contains the project e.g. cd /home/bytefreaks/Projects/Party/banana/
  2. Type git init
    This command will create an empty Git repository in that folder and it will produce a message as follows:
    Initialized empty Git repository in /home/bytefreaks/Projects/Party/banana/.git/
  3. In case you have files that should not be included in your repository, it is better that you create a .gitignore file and add them there.
    This way you will be able to indicate all of the files that you don’t want to the repository to track.
  4. Use git add . (please note that you need the dot . for this command)
    This command will stage all files that are not in .gitignore to be part of your next commit.
  5. Finally, type git commit or git commit -m "Initial Commit with status bla bla", to make your first commit to the repository
  6. Profit!

By now, you should have a fully functional local git repository without the assistance of an external server.


Send ALT+CTRL+Delete to QEMU virtual machine 1

Recently we wanted to start a Windows virtual machine from a physical hard disk using a Fedora w/ GNOME 3 host machine to change the domain password of a user.
To do so, we used QEMU, QEMU is a generic and open source machine emulator and virtualizer.

To perform the password change, we needed to sent the ALT+CTRL+Delete key combination to the virtual machine to access the system screen and then change the user password.
Pressing ALT+CTRL+Delete on the Fedora/GNOME 3 host machine, it popped up a prompt to shut down the host machine instead of sending the key combination to the active window of the VM. Apparently, we could not sent the key combination directly to the VM and had to find a way around it.

Solution:

We pressed ALT+CTRL+2 while the QEMU window was selected/active to switch to the QEMU terminal/monitor.
In the blank screen that appeared, we typed sendkey alt-ctrl-delete and pressed the Enter key.
This action sent to the virtual machine OS the key combination ALT+CTRL+Delete.
Finally, to switch back  to the guest screen we pressed ALT+CTRL+1.


Reading data from /dev/i2c-%d

The following code will read a byte from position 0x10, of the register at 0x3f of the device /dev/i2c-2.

To compile this code, you need the helper library i2c-dev.h which can be found in the download package here: [download id=”3312″]

main.c

//Based on https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/i2c/dev-interface

#include "linux/i2c-dev.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <errno.h>

int main() {
    const int adapter_nr = 2;
    char filename[20];
    snprintf(filename, 19, "/dev/i2c-%d", adapter_nr);
    const int file = open(filename, O_RDWR);
    if (file < 0) {
        printf("Oh dear, something went wrong with open()! %s\n", strerror(errno));
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    // The I2C address. Got it from `i2cdetect -y 2;`
    const int addr = 0x3f;

    if (ioctl(file, I2C_SLAVE, addr) < 0) {
        printf("Oh dear, something went wrong with ioctl()! %s\n", strerror(errno));
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    // Device register to access.
    const __u8 reg = 0x10;
    // Using SMBus commands
    const __s32 result = i2c_smbus_read_byte_data(file, reg);
    if (result < 0) {
         // ERROR HANDLING: i2c transaction failed
         printf("Oh dear, something went wrong with i2c_smbus_read_byte_data()>i2c_smbus_access()>ioctl()! %s\n", strerror(errno));
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    } else {
        // res contains the read word
        printf("0x%+02x\n", result);
    }

    close(file);

    return(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

linux/i2c-dev.h

/*
    i2c-dev.h - i2c-bus driver, char device interface

    Copyright (C) 1995-97 Simon G. Vogl
    Copyright (C) 1998-99 Frodo Looijaard <[email protected]>

    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.

    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    GNU General Public License for more details.

    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
    Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston,
    MA 02110-1301 USA.
*/

#ifndef _LINUX_I2C_DEV_H
#define _LINUX_I2C_DEV_H

#include <linux/types.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <stddef.h>


/* -- i2c.h -- */


/*
 * I2C Message - used for pure i2c transaction, also from /dev interface
 */
struct i2c_msg {
    __u16 addr;    /* slave address            */
    unsigned short flags;
#define I2C_M_TEN    0x10    /* we have a ten bit chip address    */
#define I2C_M_RD    0x01
#define I2C_M_NOSTART    0x4000
#define I2C_M_REV_DIR_ADDR    0x2000
#define I2C_M_IGNORE_NAK    0x1000
#define I2C_M_NO_RD_ACK        0x0800
    short len;        /* msg length                */
    char *buf;        /* pointer to msg data            */
};

/* To determine what functionality is present */

#define I2C_FUNC_I2C            0x00000001
#define I2C_FUNC_10BIT_ADDR        0x00000002
#define I2C_FUNC_PROTOCOL_MANGLING    0x00000004 /* I2C_M_{REV_DIR_ADDR,NOSTART,..} */
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_PEC        0x00000008
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_BLOCK_PROC_CALL    0x00008000 /* SMBus 2.0 */
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_QUICK        0x00010000
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_BYTE    0x00020000
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_BYTE    0x00040000
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_BYTE_DATA    0x00080000
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_BYTE_DATA    0x00100000
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_WORD_DATA    0x00200000
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_WORD_DATA    0x00400000
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_PROC_CALL    0x00800000
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_BLOCK_DATA    0x01000000
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_BLOCK_DATA 0x02000000
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_I2C_BLOCK    0x04000000 /* I2C-like block xfer  */
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_I2C_BLOCK    0x08000000 /* w/ 1-byte reg. addr. */

#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_BYTE (I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_BYTE | \
                             I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_BYTE)
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_BYTE_DATA (I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_BYTE_DATA | \
                                  I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_BYTE_DATA)
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WORD_DATA (I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_WORD_DATA | \
                                  I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_WORD_DATA)
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_BLOCK_DATA (I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_BLOCK_DATA | \
                                   I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_BLOCK_DATA)
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_I2C_BLOCK (I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_I2C_BLOCK | \
                                  I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_I2C_BLOCK)

/* Old name, for compatibility */
#define I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_HWPEC_CALC    I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_PEC

/*
 * Data for SMBus Messages
 */
#define I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_MAX    32    /* As specified in SMBus standard */
#define I2C_SMBUS_I2C_BLOCK_MAX    32    /* Not specified but we use same structure */
union i2c_smbus_data {
    __u8 byte;
    __u16 word;
    __u8 block[I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_MAX + 2]; /* block[0] is used for length */
                                                /* and one more for PEC */
};

/* smbus_access read or write markers */
#define I2C_SMBUS_READ    1
#define I2C_SMBUS_WRITE    0

/* SMBus transaction types (size parameter in the above functions)
   Note: these no longer correspond to the (arbitrary) PIIX4 internal codes! */
#define I2C_SMBUS_QUICK            0
#define I2C_SMBUS_BYTE            1
#define I2C_SMBUS_BYTE_DATA        2
#define I2C_SMBUS_WORD_DATA        3
#define I2C_SMBUS_PROC_CALL        4
#define I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_DATA        5
#define I2C_SMBUS_I2C_BLOCK_BROKEN  6
#define I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_PROC_CALL   7        /* SMBus 2.0 */
#define I2C_SMBUS_I2C_BLOCK_DATA    8


/* /dev/i2c-X ioctl commands.  The ioctl's parameter is always an
 * unsigned long, except for:
 *    - I2C_FUNCS, takes pointer to an unsigned long
 *    - I2C_RDWR, takes pointer to struct i2c_rdwr_ioctl_data
 *    - I2C_SMBUS, takes pointer to struct i2c_smbus_ioctl_data
 */
#define I2C_RETRIES    0x0701    /* number of times a device address should
                   be polled when not acknowledging */
#define I2C_TIMEOUT    0x0702    /* set timeout in units of 10 ms */

/* NOTE: Slave address is 7 or 10 bits, but 10-bit addresses
 * are NOT supported! (due to code brokenness)
 */
#define I2C_SLAVE    0x0703    /* Use this slave address */
#define I2C_SLAVE_FORCE    0x0706    /* Use this slave address, even if it
                   is already in use by a driver! */
#define I2C_TENBIT    0x0704    /* 0 for 7 bit addrs, != 0 for 10 bit */

#define I2C_FUNCS    0x0705    /* Get the adapter functionality mask */

#define I2C_RDWR    0x0707    /* Combined R/W transfer (one STOP only) */

#define I2C_PEC        0x0708    /* != 0 to use PEC with SMBus */
#define I2C_SMBUS    0x0720    /* SMBus transfer */


/* This is the structure as used in the I2C_SMBUS ioctl call */
struct i2c_smbus_ioctl_data {
    __u8 read_write;
    __u8 command;
    __u32 size;
    union i2c_smbus_data *data;
};

/* This is the structure as used in the I2C_RDWR ioctl call */
struct i2c_rdwr_ioctl_data {
    struct i2c_msg *msgs;    /* pointers to i2c_msgs */
    __u32 nmsgs;            /* number of i2c_msgs */
};

#define  I2C_RDRW_IOCTL_MAX_MSGS    42


static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_access(int file, char read_write, __u8 command,
                                     int size, union i2c_smbus_data *data)
{
    struct i2c_smbus_ioctl_data args;

    args.read_write = read_write;
    args.command = command;
    args.size = size;
    args.data = data;
    return ioctl(file,I2C_SMBUS,&args);
}


static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_write_quick(int file, __u8 value)
{
    return i2c_smbus_access(file,value,0,I2C_SMBUS_QUICK,NULL);
}

static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_read_byte(int file)
{
    union i2c_smbus_data data;
    if (i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_READ,0,I2C_SMBUS_BYTE,&data))
        return -1;
    else
        return 0x0FF & data.byte;
}

static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_write_byte(int file, __u8 value)
{
    return i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_WRITE,value,
                            I2C_SMBUS_BYTE,NULL);
}

static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_read_byte_data(int file, __u8 command)
{
    union i2c_smbus_data data;
    if (i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_READ,command,
                         I2C_SMBUS_BYTE_DATA,&data))
        return -1;
    else
        return 0x0FF & data.byte;
}

static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_write_byte_data(int file, __u8 command,
                                              __u8 value)
{
    union i2c_smbus_data data;
    data.byte = value;
    return i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_WRITE,command,
                            I2C_SMBUS_BYTE_DATA, &data);
}

static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_read_word_data(int file, __u8 command)
{
    union i2c_smbus_data data;
    if (i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_READ,command,
                         I2C_SMBUS_WORD_DATA,&data))
        return -1;
    else
        return 0x0FFFF & data.word;
}

static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_write_word_data(int file, __u8 command,
                                              __u16 value)
{
    union i2c_smbus_data data;
    data.word = value;
    return i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_WRITE,command,
                            I2C_SMBUS_WORD_DATA, &data);
}

static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_process_call(int file, __u8 command, __u16 value)
{
    union i2c_smbus_data data;
    data.word = value;
    if (i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_WRITE,command,
                         I2C_SMBUS_PROC_CALL,&data))
        return -1;
    else
        return 0x0FFFF & data.word;
}


/* Returns the number of read bytes */
static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_read_block_data(int file, __u8 command,
                                              __u8 *values)
{
    union i2c_smbus_data data;
    int i;
    if (i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_READ,command,
                         I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_DATA,&data))
        return -1;
    else {
        for (i = 1; i <= data.block[0]; i++)
            values[i-1] = data.block[i];
        return data.block[0];
    }
}

static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_write_block_data(int file, __u8 command,
                                               __u8 length, const __u8 *values)
{
    union i2c_smbus_data data;
    int i;
    if (length > 32)
        length = 32;
    for (i = 1; i <= length; i++)
        data.block[i] = values[i-1];
    data.block[0] = length;
    return i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_WRITE,command,
                            I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_DATA, &data);
}

/* Returns the number of read bytes */
/* Until kernel 2.6.22, the length is hardcoded to 32 bytes. If you
   ask for less than 32 bytes, your code will only work with kernels
   2.6.23 and later. */
static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_read_i2c_block_data(int file, __u8 command,
                                                  __u8 length, __u8 *values)
{
    union i2c_smbus_data data;
    int i;

    if (length > 32)
        length = 32;
    data.block[0] = length;
    if (i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_READ,command,
                         length == 32 ? I2C_SMBUS_I2C_BLOCK_BROKEN :
                          I2C_SMBUS_I2C_BLOCK_DATA,&data))
        return -1;
    else {
        for (i = 1; i <= data.block[0]; i++)
            values[i-1] = data.block[i];
        return data.block[0];
    }
}

static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_write_i2c_block_data(int file, __u8 command,
                                                   __u8 length,
                                                   const __u8 *values)
{
    union i2c_smbus_data data;
    int i;
    if (length > 32)
        length = 32;
    for (i = 1; i <= length; i++)
        data.block[i] = values[i-1];
    data.block[0] = length;
    return i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_WRITE,command,
                            I2C_SMBUS_I2C_BLOCK_BROKEN, &data);
}

/* Returns the number of read bytes */
static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_block_process_call(int file, __u8 command,
                                                 __u8 length, __u8 *values)
{
    union i2c_smbus_data data;
    int i;
    if (length > 32)
        length = 32;
    for (i = 1; i <= length; i++)
        data.block[i] = values[i-1];
    data.block[0] = length;
    if (i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_WRITE,command,
                         I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_PROC_CALL,&data))
        return -1;
    else {
        for (i = 1; i <= data.block[0]; i++)
            values[i-1] = data.block[i];
        return data.block[0];
    }
}


#endif /* _LINUX_I2C_DEV_H */